Sunday, January 24, 2016

Haruko Obokata

Haruko Obokata (小保方 晴子 Obokata Haruko?, born 1983) is a former stem-cell biologist and research unit leader at Japan's Laboratory for Cellular Reprogramming, Riken Center for Developmental Biology.[3][4] She claimed to have developed a radical and remarkably easy way to make stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) cells that could be grown into tissue for use anywhere in the body.[5] Riken, however, eventually launched an investigation in response to allegations of irregularities in images appearing in several articles she authored, including the paper announcing the discovery of STAP cells.[6][7][8] The ensuing scandal over STAP cells has since become one of the world's most well-known scientific frauds alongside the Schön scandal and Hwang Woo-suk's cloning experiments.[9][10][11][12][13]

Early life and education[edit]

Obokata was born in Matsudo, Chiba, Japan, in 1983. She attended Toho Senior High School, which is attached to Toho University, and graduated from Waseda University. At Waseda University, Obokata undertook undergraduate studies in the Department of Applied Chemistry, within the School of Science and Engineering, earning a Bachelor of Science in 2006, and graduate studies in the Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, earning a Master of Science in Applied Chemistry in 2008.
After completing her master's, Obokata went on to study stem cells and regenerative medicine at the Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, a cooperative research and education facility operated with Tokyo Women's Medical University. She then undertook research at Harvard Medical School in Boston under Charles Vacanti for two years before returning to Waseda University to complete her Ph.D. in Engineering, again, from the Graduate School of Advanced Engineering and Science in 2011.[14][15]According to a recent Asahi Shimbun news report, Obokata had offered to retract her doctoral dissertation following allegations that she may have copied and pasted some segments of her dissertation from publicly available documents posted in the U.S. National Institute of Health website.[16]
In October 2014, an investigative panel appointed by Waseda University gave Obokata one year to revise her Ph.D dissertation or lose her degree. [17]
In November 2015, Waseda University announced that it was revoking Obokata's Ph.D.[18]

Career[edit]

Obokata became a guest researcher at the Riken Center for Developmental Biology in 2011, then she was appointed as head of the Lab for Cellular Reprogramming in 2013.[19][20]

Controversy[edit]

Within a few weeks of publication, questions were raised about the publication ethics of Obokata’s papers published in Nature. Professor Teruhiko Wakayama, a senior author of the Nature articles, proposed retracting the papers and re-submitting them if the findings could be reproduced. The Japanese government affiliated research institute RIKEN also launched an investigation into the issue. Stem cell critics also noted that the images in the published articles are very similar to those published in Obokata's doctoral thesis, which were from a quite different project than the Nature publications.[21] On April 1, RIKEN announced that it had found Obokata guilty of scientific misconduct on two of the six charges initially brought against her.[22] The RIKEN investigators reached the following conclusion:
In manipulating the image data of two different gels and using data from two different experiments, Dr. Obokata acted in a manner that can by no means be permitted. This cannot be explained solely by her immaturity as a researcher. Given the poor quality of her laboratory notes it has become clearly evident that it will be extremely difficult for anyone else to accurately trace or understand her experiments, and this, too, is considered a serious obstacle to healthy information exchange. Dr. Obokata’s actions and sloppy data management lead us to the conclusion that she sorely lacks, not only a sense of research ethics, but also integrity and humility as a scientific researcher.[23]
On June 4, 2014, Obokata agreed to retract both the papers published in Nature in early 2014.[24] Nature confirmed the retraction on July 2.[25][26]
In July 2014, Obokata was allowed to join Riken’s efforts under monitoring by a third party. She tried to replicate her own study using genetically manipulated mouse spleen cells that glow green if a gene indicative of pluripotency is activated. She failed to reproduce the ‘STAP cell’ to back up her claimed discovery.[27]
On August 5, 2014, Obokata's mentor and co-author Yoshiki Sasai committed suicide.[28]
Obokata announced her resignation in December 2014.[29][30]

Selected works[edit]

  • Obokata, Haruko; Wakayama, Teruhiko; Sasai, Yoshiki; et al. (2014). "Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency". Nature 505 (7485): 641–647.doi:10.1038/nature12968. PMID 24476887.
  • Obokata, Haruko; Sasai, Yoshiki; Niwa, Hitoshi; Vacanti, Charles; Andrabi, Munazah; Takata, Nozomu; Tokoro, Mikiko; Terashita, Yukari; Yonemura, Shigenobu; Vacanti, Charles A.; Wakayama, Teruhiko (January 30, 2014). "Bidirectional developmental potential in reprogrammed cells with acquired pluripotency". Nature (Nature) 505 (7485): 676–680. Bibcode:2014Natur.505..676O. doi:10.1038/nature12969. PMID 24476891.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ "STAP cell pioneer nearly gave up on her research". The Asahi Shimbun. January 30, 2014.
  2. Jump up^ "Obokata had free way of thinking since childhood". The Japan News. Yomiuri Shimbun. February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  3. Jump up^ Cyranoski, David (January 29, 2014). "Acid bath offers easy path to stem cells". Nature.
  4. Jump up^ "Laboratory for Cellular Reprogramming". RIKEN.
  5. Jump up^ "Stem cell 'major discovery' claimed". BBC. January 29, 2014.
  6. Jump up^ "Research institute probes 'irregularities' in images associated with STAP cell discovery". Mainichi. February 15, 2014.
  7. Jump up^ "On the articles of Haruko Obokata, who discovered STAP cells".stapcell.blogspot.com. Feb 13, 2014.
  8. Jump up^ "PubPeer : "Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency"".pubpeer.com. Feb 13, 2014.
  9. Jump up^ "From stem cells to physics fraudulent science results are plenty but hard to find".Deutsche Welle. June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  10. Jump up^ "Stem cell debacle déjà vu". Bio Edge. April 6, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  11. Jump up^ "STAP論文を「世界三大研究不正」の1つに認定". 日経BPネット. June 13, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  12. Jump up^ "STAP細胞が『世界３大研究不正』とされた衝撃". Yahooニュース. June 14, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  13. Jump up^ "科学界の「世界の三大不正」とは？小保方晴子氏問題、「シェーン事件以上」との指摘も". newclassic. June 15, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  14. Jump up^ "Profile of Riken scientist Obokata". NHK. January 30, 2014. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014.
  15. Jump up^ "Waseda graduate finds new method to create stem cells: Haruko Obokata leads research team". Waseda University. January 30, 2014.
  16. Jump up^ "STAP cell scientist seeks to withdraw Ph.D. thesis". The Asahi Shimbun. March 16, 2014.
  17. Jump up^ Momoko, Suda, "[1]", "Mainichi Shimbun", 30 October 2015
  18. Jump up^ Murai, Shusuke, "Waseda University strips Obokata of Ph.D.", Japan Times, 3 November 2015, p. 2
  19. Jump up^ "'Rikejo' scientist triumphed over setbacks". The Japan News. The Yomiuri Shimbun. January 31, 2014.
  20. Jump up^ "RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB): CDB welcomes two new laboratories" (PDF). RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology. April 4, 2013.
  21. Jump up^ Normile, Dennis and Vogel, Gretchen (March 10, 2014). "Retraction Request Made as More Questions Swirl Around Simple Stem Cell Method". news.sciencemag.org.
  22. Jump up^ Schlanger, Zoe (April 1, 2014). "Haruko Obokata, Who Claimed Stem Cell Breakthrough, Found Guilty of Scientific Misconduct". Newsweek. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  23. Jump up^ Ishii, Shunsuke et al. (March 31, 2014) Report on STAP Cell Research Paper Investigation. riken.jp
  24. Jump up^ Elaine Lies (June 4, 2014). "Japan researcher agrees to withdraw disputed stem cell paper". Reuters. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  25. Jump up^ Lawrence, Janet (July 2, 2014). "Nature journal retracts stem cell paper citing "critical errors"". Reuters. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  26. Jump up^ McNeil, David (June 30, 2014) "In Japan, Research Scandal Prompts Questions".Chronicle of Higher Education
  27. Jump up^ "Obokata fails to reproduce 'STAP cell' discovery". The Japan Times. December 18, 2014.
  28. Jump up^ Cyranoski, David (August 5, 2014) "Researcher’s death shocks Japan". Nature News Blog
  29. Jump up^ Gallagher, James (19 December 2014). "Stem cell scandal scientist Haruko Obokata resigns". BBC News. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  30. Jump up^ Rasko, John; Carl Power (18 February 2015). "What pushes scientists to lie? The disturbing but familiar story of Haruko Obokata". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 February2015.

External links[edit]

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